Winter quiche

I’m often asked what I do with all my winter perennial shoots and other stored vegetables! One favourite is a vegetarian quiche (eggepai). Easy to make and it lasts 2-3 days!

Om Scorzonera: en hardfør helårs grønnsak

English speakers: See the summary at the bottom!

Skorsonerrot, svartrot, jordskonnerot eller bondeasparges Scorzonera hispanica er en av de nye rotgrønnsakene som har kommet til Norge de siste årene. De fingertykke røttene med hvitt fruktkjøtt serveres på de beste gourmetrestauranter. Men, dette er en grønnsak som har vært dyrket her til lands helt siden 1600-tallet. Dyrket som flerårig grønnsak kan planter bli gammel (minst 50 år pluss) og alle plantedelene kan spises fra vår-rosettene til de søte blomsterstengelene, blomsterknopper og kronblad. Jeg har tidligere skrevet artikler om denne planten både i Våre Nyttevekster i 2012 og  i min bok Around the World in 80 plants  fra 2014. Dette er en “må-ha” grønnsak i min hage!

De siste årene har det kommet frem mye nytt om denne planten og slektningene i den etnobotaniske litteraturen. Derfor tenkte jeg at det var på tide å oppdatere tidligere artikler og resultatet finner dere nedenfor (på norsk)! Jeg håper det faller i smak!

Om du kjenner til en gammel scorsonerrot plante, ta gjerne kontakt!

Takk til Landbruksdirektoratet som har støttet dette arbeidet gjennom prosjektet «Kartlegging – innsamling- dokumentasjon og vurdering av genetisk mangfold av spiselige planter i Norge»
Takk også til Guri-Kristina Batta Bjørnstad for korrekturlesing og faglige kommentarer!

Download (PDF, 1.74MB)

English Summary:  Scorzonera hispanica is one of the new root vegetables that has come to Norway in recent years. The finger-thick roots with white flesh are served at the best gourmet restaurants. However, this is a vegetable that has been cultivated here in Norway and elsewhere in Europe since the 17th century. Grown as a perennial vegetable, plants can grow old (at least 50 years plus) and all plant parts can be eaten from the spring rosettes to the sweet flower stems, flower buds and petals. I have previously written articles about this plant both in the Norwegian Useful Plants Society journal Våre Nyttevekster in 2012 and in my book Around the World in 80 plants from 2014. This is a “must-have” vegetable in my garden!

In recent years, much new information has emerged about this plant and its relatives in the ethnobotanical literature. Therefore, I thought it was time to update previous articles and the result can be found (in Norwegian) in the link! There is a comprehensive table in the article which is in English summarising the traditional use of this plant in Europe! I hope to translate this into English when I get more time….

The perennial Rampions: shade tolerant edientomentals!

This is my third article published here this week, written as part of a 3-year project funded Landbruksdirektoratet (Norwegian Agriculture Agency), this time in English! As the last two plants, Scorzonera and Good King Henry, the perennial rampions (Phyteuma spp.) are also multi-use plants, having both edible roots, spring shoots, unopened flower spikes and the flowers themselves. In addition, they love to be in the shade, have lovely flowers and are some of the best pollinator plants, perfect for the permaculture or forest garden or just for a shady spot in your garden! Plants that combine food, beauty and are insect friendly are what I call edientomentals!
I hope you enjoy the article which can be downloaded below!

Download (PDF, 3.46MB)

 

 

Stolt Henrik: Blad og brokkoli grønnsak, flerårig kornplante og godteri i en og samme plante

English speakers: See the summary at the bottom!

I går publiserte jeg en artikkel om scorsonerrot, en plante med mange bruksområder(se  Scorzonera).  En annen plante hvor alle deler av planten kan brukes i matlaging er Stolt Henrik (Blitum bonus-henricus ). Jeg har tidligere skrevet artikler om denne planten både i Våre Nyttevekster i 2012 og  i min bok Around the World in 80 plants  fra 2014.

De siste årene har det kommet frem mye nytt om denne planten i den etnobotaniske litteraturen. Derfor har jeg nå skrevet en oppdatert artikkel og resultatet kan lastes ned nedenfor! Viste du feks at man laget en type halva fra røttene av denne planten i Balkan?

Om du kjenner til en gammel stolt henrik plante eller kan samle frø fra en viltvoksende bestand, ta gjerne kontakt!

Takk til Landbruksdirektoratet som har støttet dette arbeidet gjennom prosjektet «Kartlegging – innsamling- dokumentasjon og vurdering av genetisk mangfold av spiselige planter i Norge»
Takk også til Guri-Kristina Batta Bjørnstad for korrekturlesing og faglige kommentarer!

Download (PDF, 1.9MB)

English Summary:   Yesterday, I published an article on Scorzonera, a plant with many uses (see Scorzonera). Another plant where all parts of the plant can be used in cooking is Good King Henry (Blitum bonus-henricus). I have previously written articles on this plant both in Våre Nyttevekster in 2012 and in my book Around the World in 80 plants from 2014.
In recent years, much new information about this plant has been published in the ethnobotanical literature. Therefore, I have now written an updated article and the result can be downloaded above! Did you know, for example, that there was a tradition of making  a type of halva from the roots of this plant in the Balkans?  I hope to translate this into English when I get more time….

Om Norrlandsløk / Norrland Onion

English speakers: See the summary at the bottom!

Jeg har tidligere skrevet om Norrlandsløk i min bok Around the World in 80 plants. Dette er en spennende storvokst flerårige løk som er funnet i hager i Nord Sverige og en fantastisk matløk, spesielt for kalde strøk (planten kan dyrkes overalt i Norge)! Dette var den første løk som kom på plass i Ringve Botaniske Hagens ny Allium-hage i Trondheim (se http://www.edimentals.com/blog/?p=13525). Takket være et grundig arbeid av en ung svensk student Erik de Vahl vet vi mye mer idag om hvordan denne løken sannsynligvis ble til og fant veien til min hage i Malvik i 2004 via Harstad og Burträsk i Nord Sverige! Dette ble en spennende reise for de Vahl ikke bare nord i Sverige, men også til et «soldattorp» i Västmanland, en benidiktinarkloster og til den store svenske genetikeren Albert Levans som jobbet fra 1929 til 1950-tallet med hybridisering av løk. Derfor har jeg oppdatert historien fra Around the World in 80 plants med ny viten i vedlagt artikkel:

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English summary: I have previously written about Norrland Onion in my book Around the World in 80 plants, an exciting productive perennial onion found in gardens in northern Sweden! This was the first onion that was planted in the new  Allium garden at Ringve Botanical Garden in Trondheim (see http://www.edimentals.com/blog/?p=13525). Thanks to the thorough work by a young Swedish student Erik de Vahl, we know much more today about how this onion found its way to my garden in Malvik in 2004 via Harstad and Burträsk in northern Sweden! It was an exciting journey that de Vahl enravelled taking him not only to the north of Sweden, but also to a “soldier’s croft” in Västmanland, a benedictine monastery and to the great Swedish geneticist Albert Levans who it turns out worked from 1929 to the 1950s with the hybridization of onion species. Therefore, I have updated the story from Around the World in 80 plants with new knowledge in the attached article! I will hopefully later translate this to English.

Events in 2019 with the Extreme Salad Man!

I’ve just updated my list of events for 2019 on my main events page, http://www.edimentals.com/blog/?page_id=262
Hope to see some of you at one of these events!

19th February  Malvik Rotary, Norway

Sat 2nd March  East Anglian Garden Group. Chamberlin Hall: Bildeston village hall, Chamberlin Close, Wattisham Road, Bildeston, Ipswich, Suffolk, England  14-17
https://www.facebook.com/events/1640730972892565

Mon 11th March  Plant Heritage, Surrey (St. Andrew’s Church Hall, Cobham, England)  19:30-
https://www.nccpg.com/In-your-area/Local-Groups/Surrey/Group-Events/Talk—Edible-ornamentals-by-Stephen-Barstow.aspx

26th-28th April   Bornholm, Denmark (details to be confirmed)

3rd -5th May   Annual meeting of Norwegian Seed Savers in Trondheim, Norway

1st– 2nd June  Lom (Aukrust Gard), Norway (details to be confirmed)

5th June   Besøkssenter, Ytre Hvaler Nasjonalpark, Skjærhalden, Norway (talk followed by a  walk on one of the islands looking for edibles)

22nd – 23rd June Hurdal, Norway (to be confirmed)

28th-30th June Dharma Mountain, Hedal, Norway (to be confirmed)

14th August   Opening of the new Allium garden at the Ringve Botanical Garden in Trondheim, Norway (details later)

27th-29th September  Mid-West Wild Harvest Festival (Keynote plus two talks); https://www.facebook.com/groups/wildharvestfestival and https://www.wildharvestfestival.org/register.html

22nd October Fet Hagelag, Norway (to be confirmed)

Mot en Norsk Spiselig Flora / Towards a Norwegian Edibles Flora

English text at the bottom!

Jeg har opp gjennom årene prøvd å dyrke over 6000 spiselige planter i Malvik like øst for Trondheim. Dette har vært inspirert av Food for Free bevegelsen på 1970-tallet og i hovedsak tre hovedverker om verdens spiselige planter: Sturtevant’s Edible Plants of the World Hedrick (1919), Stephen Facciolas Cornucopia II (1998) og Plants for a Future databasen (www.pfaf.org). Dette ble en spennende reise inn i verdens mat, lokal domestisering og sanketradisjoner og jeg oppdaget etter hvert både ville vekster og prydplanter i Norge som var viktige matplanter i andre verdensdeler som var ukjent i Norge som mat. Attpåtil var de ofte godsmakende også.

Jeg skulle gjerne fortelle om disse oppdagelsene og jeg begynte derfor å skrive en serie artikler for bladet Våre Nyttevekster (senere Sopp og Nyttevekster): strutseving (2002), strandstjerne (2004), ormerot (2006), slirekne (2010). Jeg også begynte å holde et foredrag «Jorda rundt med plante som smaker» og dette ble etter hvert til en bok Around the World in 80 plants fra 2014 som handler om min topp 80 flerårige grønnsaker som jeg hadde dyrket og hvordan jeg hadde kommet frem til at flerårige grønnsaker var et bedre valg for kalde strøk, burde generelt dyrkes mer fordi de krever mindre energi og vann, binder mer karbon og er også sunnere enn tradisjonelle grønnsaker. Samtidig, takket være interessen i Middelhavsdietten har det blitt gjennomført hundrevis av etnobotaniske studier i Europa de siste 20 årene og mange nye spiselige arter er oppdaget siden min bok ble ferdig i 2013. Resultatene har vist at det har tradisjonelt vært spist over 3000 planter kun i Middelhavslandene, et enormt mangfold! Det er dette mangfoldet som karakteriserer tradisjonelle kosthold i mange land. I tillegg er det oppdaget mangfoldsretter ofte med over 50 planter villinnsamlet og dyrket. Dette ga inspirasjon til mine mangfoldsalater og min verdensrekord på 537 ingredienser i en salat fra 2004. Med økt interesse i lokal mat (både dyrket og sanket) er det flere av forfatterene av disse etnobotaniske studiene de siste årene som har foreslått dyrking av enkelte arter.

Jeg fikk lyst til å søke systematisk gjennom norsk flora på jakt etter andre spiselige planter som ikke er oppdaget enda og jeg fikk en Excel liste av alle karplanter registrert i Norge, dvs både hjemlige og fremmede arter, laget av Norsk Botanisk Forening (i 2008).  Det er til sammen 4613 taksa i listen. Jeg har stort sett bare vurdert spiseligheten av arter (underarter og hybrider regnes å ha samme nytten). Det var igjen en liste over 2806 arter som er vurdert, et arbeid som har tatt 9 år å bli ferdig med (av forskjellige grunner, ikke bare arbeidsomfang som var riktignok mye større enn jeg hadde forestilt meg!). Spiseligheten av aller artene er vurdert og alle har fått en rangering på en verdiskala fra 1-5 hvor 5 er mest verdifull! Verdien i matlaging er basert på Plants for a Future databasen hvor alle plantene er rangert for spiselighet og dette er justert / supplert etter mine egne erfaringer. Når det gjelder de etterhvert mange spiselige arter som ikke er med i PFAF har jeg vurdert plantene så godt jeg kunne. Om det er snakk om planter hvor jeg ikke har erfaring selv og planten er lite brukt har den fått en verdi på 1. Det finnes en del giftige planter som er brukt etter koking / tørking (det gjelder feks smørblomstfamilien) og dette er notert ved å bruke en † symbol.  NB! En del av artene er fredet og jeg på ingen måte oppfordrer til å spise feks orkideer, men etnobotaniske informasjon ER med for alle planter!

Spiseligheten er vurdert i korthet ved å notere hvilken plantedel som brukes og hvordan, feks blad eller rot i supper, salat osv. Dette er gjort først og fremst ved å sjekke Facciolas Cornucopia II, som jeg fikk av forfatteren som pdf slik at det er lett å søke. Deretter har jeg sjekket samme planten i PFAF. Om planten ikke finnes i primærdatabasene har jeg gjennomført følgende søk ved hjelp av Google Scholar: («Botaniske navn» +Edible +Ethnobotany). Siden 2018 har jeg hatt adgang til NTNUs søkesystem gjennom min gjesteforsker stilling på Ringve Botaniske Hagen. Dette har letet dette arbeidet betraktelig og gitt meg adgang til de fleste artikler jeg vil sjekke. Det er oppdaget ca 90 nye «spiselige» arter på denne måten og referansene brukt finnes nederst her. Analysen av de første 1600 (av 4613) taksa ble gjennomført uten full tilgang til litteraturen. Derfor har jeg startet fra begynnelsen igjen med fullt søk. Jeg kom igjen de første 600 taksa før jeg måtte sette sluttstreken for arbeidet. Derfor er det sikkert noen få uoppdagete spiselige arter. Jeg regner med å fullføre dette eterhvert.

Av de 2806 arter funnet en eller annen gang i norsk natur har jeg dokumentert 1242 av dem som «spist» et eller annet sted i verden, dvs 44% av alle arter registrert i Norge er «spiselige». Men, 458 eller 37% av de «spiselige» er i kategori 1 som er planter som brukes som nødmat evt planter som er sjelden brukt eller har ikke nok informasjon til å vurdere. Videre er 34% (427 arter) i kategori 2, 16% (200) i kategori 3, 7% (91) i kategori 4 og 5% (63) er i den øverste kategori.

Hele databasen er foreløpig ikke offentiggjort i påvente av hva som skal skje videre med dette. 

Tabell 1  Eksempler av data fra den store norsk spiselig flora Excel ark (examples of data entries from the 2806 line Norwegian edible flora Excel sheet).

LATIN RANGERING (Verdiskala) († Mulig helseskadelig) HVORDAN BRUKT? VILL UTBREDELSES-OMRÅDET (fra Lids Norsk Flora, 2005)
Campanula latifolia L. 4 Blad (rå og kokt); Blomst (rå); Rot (rå og kokt); Se Barstow (2014) Europa og V Asia
Rudbeckia laciniata L. 3 Ung blad og skudd (rå og kokt, tørket); Stilker (skrellet); Thayer (2017) sier at “Sochan is among the best known wild edibles of the Appalachians”. Cherokee navnet Sochan betyr “grønnsaker”. Er ikke med i Cornucopia II! Det finnes en rekke hagevarianter av denne planten! Ø og M N Amerika
Scorzonera hispanica L. 5 Rot (kokt); Ung blad og skudd (rå og kokt); Blomsterstilker (søt; spises rå); Blomsterknopper (rå og kokt); Kronblad (i salat); se også Barstow (2014); a Norwegian article has been published recently here: http://www.edimentals.com/blog/?p=21016 S Europa, Kaukasus, V Sibir
Lepidium latifolium L. 3 Blad (rå og kokt); Rot (brukt som pepperrot); Frø (krydder) Europa, N Afrika til V Asia
Lunaria annua L. 2 Rot (rå); Frø (som sennep) Europa
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. 3 Ung blad (rå og kokt); Rot (tygget av barn) Middelhavsområdet?

Takk til Landbruksdirektoratet (og tidligere Genressurssenteret) som har støttet dette arbeidet gjennom prosjektet «Kartlegging – innsamling- dokumentasjon og vurdering av genetisk mangfold av spiselige planter i Norge»

References are below the English summary!
English summary:  Over the years I have tried to grow over 6,000 different edible plants here in Malvik, Norway, just east of Trondheim. This has been inspired by the Food for Free movement in the 1970s and, mainly, three principal works about the world’s edible plants: Sturtevant’s Edible Plants of the World (Hedrick, 1919), Stephen Facciola’s Cornucopia II (1998) and the Plants for a Future database (www. pfaf.org). This was for me an exciting journey into the world’s food, local domestication and culinary traditions and I gradually discovered both wild plants and ornamentals  here in Norway that were important food plants in other parts of the world that were unknown in Norway as food. They often tasted very good too.

I was excited to tell others about these discoveries and I therefore started writing a series of articles for the Norwegian Useful Plants Society’s magazine Våre Nyttevekster (later Sopp og Nyttevekster): ostrich fern (2002), sea aster (2004), bistort (2006), Japanese knotweed (2010). I also began to give a lecture in Norwegian with a title that literally translates as  “Around the world in tasty plants” and this eventually evolved into my book Around the World in 80 plants from 2014 which is about my top 80 perennial vegetables that I have cultivated and how I had discovered that perennial vegetables were often a better choice for cold climates like mine, and that they also should generally be grown on a larger scale as they require less energy and water, bind more carbon and are also healthier than traditional vegetables (healthy both for us and the planet). At the same time, thanks to the interest in the so-called Mediterranean diet, hundreds of ethnobotanical studies have been conducted in Europe over the last 20 years and many new edible species have been discovered since my book was completed in 2013. The results have shown that there has traditionally been over 3000 plants only in Mediterranean countries, a huge diversity! It is this diversity that characterizes traditional diets in many countries. In addition, diversity dishes have been discovered often including over 50 plants collected and cultivated. This gave inspiration to my diversity salads and my world record of 537 ingredients in a salad from 2004. With increased interest in local food (both grown and harvested), several of the authors of these ethnobotanic studies have in recent years proposed cultivation of certain species.

I wanted to search systematically through the Norwegian flora in search of other edible plants that have not yet been discovered and I was given an Excel list of all vascular plants registered in Norway, i.e., both natives and introduced species, put together by the Norwegian Botanical Association (in 2008). There are a total of 4613 taxa in the list. I have basically only considered the edibility of species (subspecies and hybrids are considered to have the same use as the main species). This left a list of 2806 species that have all been evaluated, a study that has taken me 9 years to finish (for various reasons, not just the scope of work that was indeed much larger than I had imagined!). The edibility of all species is considered and each species has received a rating on a scale from 1-5 where 5 is most valuable! This is based on the Plants for a Future database (pfaf.org) where all the plants are ranked for edibility and this ranking has been adjusted / supplemented according to my own experience. When it comes to the many edible species that are not in PFAF, I have considered the value of the plants as best I could, although this is naturally quite subjective. If it is a matter of plants where I have no experience myself and the plant is little used, it is given a value of 1. There are some toxic plants that have been used traditionally after cooking / drying (for example, some members of the buttercup family) and this is noted by use of a † symbol. NB! Some of these species are rare and protected by law and I by no means encourage eating e.g., orchids, but ethnobotanic information IS given for all plants!

The edibility is assessed briefly by noting which plant part is used and how, e.g., leaf or root in soups, salad etc. This is done primarily by checking Facciola’s Cornucopia II, which I received from the author as a pdf so that it is easy to search. Then I checked the same plant in pfaf.org. If the plant is not found in the primary databases, I have performed the following keyword searches using Google Scholar: (“Botanical Name” + Edible + Ethnobotany). Since 2018 I have had access to NTNU’s (University) search system through my guest researcher position at Ringve Botanical Garden. This has made this work considerably easier and given me access to most articles I wanted to check. About 90 new “edible” species have been discovered in this way, and the references used are found at the bottom of this page. The analysis of the first 1600 (of 4613) taxa was conducted without full access to the literature. Therefore, I have started again from the beginning with the full search. I have now reanalysed the first 600 taxa before I had to finish the work. Therefore, there are probably a few undiscovered edible species.

Of the 2,806 species which have been registered at some time in Norwegian nature, I have documented 1,242 of these as “eaten” somewhere/sometime in the world, i.e., 44% of all species registered in Norway are “edible”. However, 458 or 37% of the “edibles” are in category 1 which are plants that are used as emergency food or plants that are rarely used or do not have enough information to evaluate properly. Furthermore, 34% (427 species) in category 2, 16% (200) are in category 3, 7% (91) are in category 4 and 5% (63) are in the highest category.

Referanser/ References

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Barstow SF 2004 Strandstjerne og andre spennende matplanter i fjæra. Våre Nyttevekster Nr 2, 26-40 (se http://www.edimentals.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Strandstjerne_V%C3%A5re_Nyttevekster_2014.pdf)

Barstow SF 2006 Ormerot – en tradisjonsrik vårgrønnsak og overlevelsesmat i Arktis.  Sopp og nyttevekster 329-335.

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Barstow SF 2019b Stolt Henrik: Blad og brokkoli grønnsak, flerårig kornplante og godteri i en og samme plante. Open source artikkel, se http://www.edimentals.com/blog/?p=21016

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