{"id":21004,"date":"2019-01-23T16:00:05","date_gmt":"2019-01-23T15:00:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.edimentals.com\/blog\/?p=21004"},"modified":"2019-02-01T18:24:45","modified_gmt":"2019-02-01T17:24:45","slug":"norsk-spiselig-flora","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.edimentals.com\/blog\/?p=21004","title":{"rendered":"Mot en Norsk Spiselig Flora \/ Towards a Norwegian Edibles Flora"},"content":{"rendered":"

English text at the bottom!<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Jeg har opp gjennom \u00e5rene pr\u00f8vd \u00e5 dyrke over 6000 spiselige planter i Malvik like \u00f8st for Trondheim. Dette har v\u00e6rt inspirert av Food for Free bevegelsen p\u00e5 1970-tallet og i hovedsak tre hovedverker om verdens spiselige planter: Sturtevant\u2019s Edible Plants of the World Hedrick (1919), Stephen Facciolas Cornucopia II (1998) og Plants for a Future databasen (www.pfaf.org<\/a>). Dette ble en spennende reise inn i verdens mat, lokal domestisering og sanketradisjoner og jeg oppdaget etter hvert b\u00e5de ville vekster og prydplanter i Norge som var viktige matplanter i andre verdensdeler som var ukjent i Norge som mat. Attp\u00e5til var de ofte godsmakende ogs\u00e5.<\/p>\n

Jeg skulle gjerne fortelle om disse oppdagelsene og jeg begynte derfor \u00e5 skrive en serie artikler for bladet V\u00e5re Nyttevekster (senere Sopp og Nyttevekster): strutseving (2002), strandstjerne (2004), ormerot (2006), slirekne (2010). Jeg ogs\u00e5 begynte \u00e5 holde et foredrag \u00abJorda rundt med plante som smaker\u00bb og dette ble etter hvert til en bok Around the World in 80 plants<\/em><\/a> fra 2014 som handler om min topp 80 fler\u00e5rige gr\u00f8nnsaker som jeg hadde dyrket og hvordan jeg hadde kommet frem til at fler\u00e5rige gr\u00f8nnsaker var et bedre valg for kalde str\u00f8k, burde generelt dyrkes mer fordi de krever mindre energi og vann, binder mer karbon og er ogs\u00e5 sunnere enn tradisjonelle gr\u00f8nnsaker. Samtidig, takket v\u00e6re interessen i Middelhavsdietten har det blitt gjennomf\u00f8rt hundrevis av etnobotaniske studier i Europa de siste 20 \u00e5rene og mange nye spiselige arter er oppdaget siden min bok ble ferdig i 2013. Resultatene har vist at det har tradisjonelt v\u00e6rt spist over 3000 planter kun i Middelhavslandene, et enormt mangfold! Det er dette mangfoldet som karakteriserer tradisjonelle kosthold i mange land. I tillegg er det oppdaget mangfoldsretter ofte med over 50 planter villinnsamlet og dyrket. Dette ga inspirasjon til mine mangfoldsalater og min verdensrekord p\u00e5 537 ingredienser i en salat fra 2004. Med \u00f8kt interesse i lokal mat (b\u00e5de dyrket og sanket) er det flere av forfatterene av disse etnobotaniske studiene de siste \u00e5rene som har foresl\u00e5tt dyrking av enkelte arter.<\/p>\n

Jeg fikk lyst til \u00e5 s\u00f8ke systematisk gjennom norsk flora p\u00e5 jakt etter andre spiselige planter som ikke er oppdaget enda og jeg fikk en Excel liste av alle karplanter registrert i Norge, dvs b\u00e5de hjemlige og fremmede arter, laget av Norsk Botanisk Forening (i 2008).\u00a0 Det er til sammen 4613 taksa i listen. Jeg har stort sett bare vurdert spiseligheten av arter (underarter og hybrider regnes \u00e5 ha samme nytten). Det var igjen en liste over 2806 arter som er vurdert, et arbeid som har tatt 9 \u00e5r \u00e5 bli ferdig med (av forskjellige grunner, ikke bare arbeidsomfang som var riktignok mye st\u00f8rre enn jeg hadde forestilt meg!). Spiseligheten av aller artene er vurdert og alle har f\u00e5tt en rangering p\u00e5 en verdiskala fra 1-5 hvor 5 er mest verdifull! Verdien i matlaging er basert p\u00e5 Plants for a Future databasen<\/a> hvor alle plantene er rangert for spiselighet og dette er justert \/ supplert etter mine egne erfaringer. N\u00e5r det gjelder de etterhvert mange spiselige arter som ikke er med i PFAF har jeg vurdert plantene s\u00e5 godt jeg kunne. Om det er snakk om planter hvor jeg ikke har erfaring selv og planten er lite brukt har den f\u00e5tt en verdi p\u00e5 1. Det finnes en del giftige planter som er brukt etter koking \/ t\u00f8rking (det gjelder feks sm\u00f8rblomstfamilien) og dette er notert ved \u00e5 bruke en \u2020 symbol. \u00a0NB! En del av artene er fredet og jeg p\u00e5 ingen m\u00e5te oppfordrer til \u00e5 spise feks orkideer, men etnobotaniske informasjon ER med for alle planter!<\/em><\/p>\n

Spiseligheten er vurdert i korthet ved \u00e5 notere hvilken plantedel som brukes og hvordan, feks blad eller rot i supper, salat osv. Dette er gjort f\u00f8rst og fremst ved \u00e5 sjekke Facciolas Cornucopia II, som jeg fikk av forfatteren som pdf slik at det er lett \u00e5 s\u00f8ke. Deretter har jeg sjekket samme planten i PFAF<\/a>. Om planten ikke finnes i prim\u00e6rdatabasene har jeg gjennomf\u00f8rt f\u00f8lgende s\u00f8k ved hjelp av Google Scholar: (\u00abBotaniske navn\u00bb +Edible +Ethnobotany). Siden 2018 har jeg hatt adgang til NTNUs s\u00f8kesystem gjennom min gjesteforsker stilling p\u00e5 Ringve Botaniske Hagen. Dette har letet dette arbeidet betraktelig og gitt meg adgang til de fleste artikler jeg vil sjekke. Det er oppdaget ca 90 nye \u00abspiselige\u00bb arter p\u00e5 denne m\u00e5ten og referansene brukt finnes nederst her. Analysen av de f\u00f8rste 1600 (av 4613) taksa ble gjennomf\u00f8rt uten full tilgang til litteraturen. Derfor har jeg startet fra begynnelsen igjen med fullt s\u00f8k. Jeg kom igjen de f\u00f8rste 600 taksa f\u00f8r jeg m\u00e5tte sette sluttstreken for arbeidet. Derfor er det sikkert noen f\u00e5 uoppdagete spiselige arter. Jeg regner med \u00e5 fullf\u00f8re dette eterhvert.<\/p>\n

Av de 2806 arter funnet en eller annen gang i norsk natur har jeg dokumentert 1242 av dem som \u00abspist\u00bb et eller annet sted i verden, dvs 44% av alle arter registrert i Norge er \u00abspiselige\u00bb. Men, 458 eller 37% av de \u00abspiselige\u00bb er i kategori 1 som er planter som brukes som n\u00f8dmat evt planter som er sjelden brukt eller har ikke nok informasjon til \u00e5 vurdere. Videre er 34% (427 arter) i kategori 2, 16% (200) i kategori 3, 7% (91) i kategori 4 og 5% (63) er i den \u00f8verste kategori.<\/p>\n

Hele databasen er forel\u00f8pig ikke offentiggjort i p\u00e5vente av hva som skal skje videre med dette.\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Tabell 1\u00a0 Eksempler av data fra den store norsk spiselig flora Excel ark (examples of data entries from the 2806 line Norwegian edible flora Excel sheet).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
LATIN<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nRANGERING (Verdiskala) (\u2020 Mulig helseskadelig)<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nHVORDAN BRUKT?<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\nVILL UTBREDELSES-OMR\u00c5DET (fra Lids Norsk Flora, 2005)<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Campanula latifolia L.<\/td>\n4<\/td>\nBlad (r\u00e5 og kokt); Blomst (r\u00e5); Rot (r\u00e5 og kokt); Se Barstow (2014)<\/td>\nEuropa og V Asia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Rudbeckia laciniata L.<\/td>\n3<\/td>\nUng blad og skudd (r\u00e5 og kokt, t\u00f8rket); Stilker (skrellet); Thayer (2017) sier at “Sochan is among the best known wild edibles of the Appalachians”. Cherokee navnet Sochan betyr “gr\u00f8nnsaker”. Er ikke med i Cornucopia II! Det finnes en rekke hagevarianter av denne planten!<\/td>\n\u00d8 og M N Amerika<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scorzonera hispanica L.<\/td>\n5<\/td>\nRot (kokt); Ung blad og skudd (r\u00e5 og kokt); Blomsterstilker (s\u00f8t; spises r\u00e5); Blomsterknopper (r\u00e5 og kokt); Kronblad (i salat); se ogs\u00e5 Barstow (2014); a Norwegian article has been published recently here:\u00a0http:\/\/www.edimentals.com\/blog\/?p=21016<\/a><\/td>\nS Europa, Kaukasus, V Sibir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lepidium latifolium L.<\/td>\n3<\/td>\nBlad (r\u00e5 og kokt); Rot (brukt som pepperrot); Fr\u00f8 (krydder)<\/td>\nEuropa, N Afrika til V Asia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Lunaria annua L.<\/td>\n2<\/td>\nRot (r\u00e5); Fr\u00f8 (som sennep)<\/td>\nEuropa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’H\u00e9r.<\/td>\n3<\/td>\nUng blad (r\u00e5 og kokt); Rot (tygget av barn)<\/td>\nMiddelhavsomr\u00e5det?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Takk til Landbruksdirektoratet (og tidligere Genressurssenteret) som har st\u00f8ttet dette arbeidet gjennom prosjektet \u00abKartlegging \u2013 innsamling- dokumentasjon og vurdering av genetisk mangfold av spiselige planter i Norge\u00bb<\/strong><\/p>\n

References<\/strong><\/em> are below the English summary!
\nEnglish summary:\u00a0\u00a0Over the years I have tried to grow over 6,000 different edible plants here in Malvik, Norway, just east of Trondheim. This has been inspired by the Food for Free movement in the 1970s and, mainly, three principal works about the world’s edible plants: Sturtevant’s Edible Plants of the World (Hedrick, 1919), Stephen Facciola\u2019s Cornucopia II (1998) and the Plants for a Future database (www. pfaf.org). This was for me an exciting journey into the world’s food, local domestication and culinary traditions and I gradually discovered both wild plants and ornamentals\u00a0 here in Norway that were important food plants in other parts of the world that were unknown in Norway as food. They often tasted very good too.<\/p>\n

I was excited to tell others about these discoveries and I therefore started writing a series of articles for the Norwegian Useful Plants Society\u2019s magazine V\u00e5re Nyttevekster (later Sopp og Nyttevekster): ostrich fern (2002), sea aster (2004), bistort (2006), Japanese knotweed (2010). I also began to give a lecture in Norwegian with a title that literally translates as \u00a0“Around the world in tasty plants” and this eventually evolved into my book Around the World in 80 plants from 2014 which is about my top 80 perennial vegetables that I have cultivated and how I had discovered that perennial vegetables were often a better choice for cold climates like mine, and that they also should generally be grown on a larger scale as they require less energy and water, bind more carbon and are also healthier than traditional vegetables (healthy both for us and the planet). At the same time, thanks to the interest in the so-called Mediterranean diet, hundreds of ethnobotanical studies have been conducted in Europe over the last 20 years and many new edible species have been discovered since my book was completed in 2013. The results have shown that there has traditionally been over 3000 plants only in Mediterranean countries, a huge diversity! It is this diversity that characterizes traditional diets in many countries. In addition, diversity dishes have been discovered often including over 50 plants collected and cultivated. This gave inspiration to my diversity salads and my world record of 537 ingredients in a salad from 2004. With increased interest in local food (both grown and harvested), several of the authors of these ethnobotanic studies have in recent years proposed cultivation of certain species.<\/p>\n

I wanted to search systematically through the Norwegian flora in search of other edible plants that have not yet been discovered and I was given an Excel list of all vascular plants registered in Norway, i.e., both natives and introduced species, put together by the Norwegian Botanical Association (in 2008). There are a total of 4613 taxa in the list. I have basically only considered the edibility of species (subspecies and hybrids are considered to have the same use as the main species). This left a list of 2806 species that have all been evaluated, a study that has taken me 9 years to finish (for various reasons, not just the scope of work that was indeed much larger than I had imagined!). The edibility of all species is considered and each species has received a rating on a scale from 1-5 where 5 is most valuable! This is based on the Plants for a Future database (pfaf.org) where all the plants are ranked for edibility and this ranking has been adjusted \/ supplemented according to my own experience. When it comes to the many edible species that are not in PFAF, I have considered the value of the plants as best I could, although this is naturally quite subjective. If it is a matter of plants where I have no experience myself and the plant is little used, it is given a value of 1. There are some toxic plants that have been used traditionally after cooking \/ drying (for example, some members of the buttercup family) and this is noted by use of a \u2020 symbol. NB! Some of these species are rare and protected by law and I by no means encourage eating e.g., orchids, but ethnobotanic information IS given for all plants!<\/p>\n

The edibility is assessed briefly by noting which plant part is used and how, e.g., leaf or root in soups, salad etc. This is done primarily by checking Facciola\u2019s Cornucopia II, which I received from the author as a pdf so that it is easy to search. Then I checked the same plant in pfaf.org. If the plant is not found in the primary databases, I have performed the following keyword searches using Google Scholar: (“Botanical Name” + Edible + Ethnobotany). Since 2018 I have had access to NTNU\u2019s (University) search system through my guest researcher position at Ringve Botanical Garden. This has made this work considerably easier and given me access to most articles I wanted to check. About 90 new “edible” species have been discovered in this way, and the references used are found at the bottom of this page. The analysis of the first 1600 (of 4613) taxa was conducted without full access to the literature. Therefore, I have started again from the beginning with the full search. I have now reanalysed the first 600 taxa before I had to finish the work. Therefore, there are probably a few undiscovered edible species.<\/p>\n

Of the 2,806 species which have been registered at some time in Norwegian nature, I have documented 1,242 of these as “eaten” somewhere\/sometime in the world, i.e., 44% of all species registered in Norway are “edible”. However, 458 or 37% of the “edibles” are in category 1 which are plants that are used as emergency food or plants that are rarely used or do not have enough information to evaluate properly. Furthermore, 34% (427 species) in category 2, 16% (200) are in category 3, 7% (91) are in category 4 and 5% (63) are in the highest category.<\/p>\n

Referanser\/ References<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

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English text at the bottom! Jeg har opp gjennom \u00e5rene pr\u00f8vd \u00e5 dyrke over 6000 spiselige planter i Malvik like \u00f8st for Trondheim. Dette har v\u00e6rt inspirert av […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"cybocfi_hide_featured_image":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1864,123],"tags":[3400,482],"class_list":["post-21004","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-article","category-wild-edibles","tag-norsk-spiselig-flora","tag-norway"],"views":9447,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.edimentals.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21004","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.edimentals.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.edimentals.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.edimentals.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.edimentals.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=21004"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"http:\/\/www.edimentals.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21004\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21118,"href":"http:\/\/www.edimentals.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21004\/revisions\/21118"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.edimentals.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=21004"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.edimentals.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=21004"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.edimentals.com\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=21004"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}